Anemia extracted from the greek word meaning “without blood,” is defined as a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of hemoglobin, a molecule inside red blood cells (RBCs).anemia leads to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in organs. Signs and Symptoms of Anemia:
Anemia goes undetected in many people, and symptoms can be small and vague. Most commonly, people with anemia report a feeling of weakness or fatigue in general or during exercise, general malaise and sometimes poor concentration. People with more severe anemia often report dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion. Very severe anemia prompts the body to compensate by increasing cardiac output, leading to palpitations and sweatiness, and to heart failure.
Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants, and reduced scholastic performance in children of school age.
Insulin is an animal hormone with extensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg, vascular compliance). When present, it causes most of the body’s cells to take up glucose from the blood (including liver, muscle, and fat tissue cells), storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and stops use of fat as an energy source. When insulin is absent (or low), glucose is not taken up by most body cells absorbed and the body begins to use fat as an energy source. As its level is a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). Generally, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body. When control of insulin levels fails, Diabetes mellitus results.
Diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications (hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma) may occur if the disease is not adequately controlled. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure, retinal damage (which can lead to blindness), nerve damage (of several kinds), and microvascular damage, which may cause impotence and poor healing. Poor healing of wounds, particularly of the feet, can lead to gangrene, which may require amputation. Adequate treatment of diabetes, as well as increased emphasis on blood pressure control and lifestyle factors (such as not smoking and keeping a healthy body weight), may improve the risk profile of most aforementioned complications. In the developed world, diabetes is the most significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly and the leading cause of non-traumatic amputation in adults, and diabetic nephropathy is the main illness requiring renal dialysis. Classification of Diabetes:
The principal two idiopathic forms of diabetes mellitus are known as types 1 and 2. Type-1 diebetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin.The main cause of this beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. There is no known preventative measure that can be taken against type 1 diabetes. Treatment:
The principal treatment of type 1 diabetes, even from the earliest stages, is replacement of insulin combined with careful monitoring of blood glucose levels using blood testing monitors.Type 1 treatment must be continued indefinitely. Treatment does not significantly impair normal activities, if sufficient patient training, awareness, appropriate care, discipline in testing and dosing of insulin is taken. However, treatment is burdensome for patients, and insulin is replaced in a non-physiological manner, and is therefore far from ideal. The average glucose level for the type 1 patient should be as close to normal (80–120 mg/dl, 4–6 mmol/l) as is safely possible.] Type 2
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized differently due to insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity, combined with reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin almost certainly involves the insulin receptor in cell membranes. In the early stage the predominant abnormality is reduced insulin sensitivity, characterized by elevated levels of insulin in the blood. At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed by a variety of measures and medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production by the liver. As the disease progresses the impairment of insulin secretion worsens, and therapeutic replacement of insulin often becomes necessary. Treatment:
Type 2 diabetes is usually first treated by increasing physical activity, decreasing carbohydrate intake, and losing weight. These can restore insulin sensitivity even when the weight loss is modest, for example around 5 kg (10 to 15 lb), most especially when it is in abdominal fat deposits. It is sometimes possible to achieve long-term, satisfactory glucose control with these measures alone. However, the underlying tendency to insulin resistance is not lost, and so attention to diet, exercise, and weight loss must continue. The usual next step, if necessary, is treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs.
Health, for a long time, was considered as a state of body and mind where there was a balance of certain ‘humors’. But it was disproved good humor hypothesis of health by William Harvey using experimental methods and the demonstration of normal body temperature.Later it was stated that mind influences, through neural system and endocrine system, our immune system and that our immune system maintains our health. Mind and mental state can effect our health.
The term health is very frequently used by every one. How do we define it? Health does not mean simply ‘absence of disease’ or ‘physical fitness’. It could be defined as state of complete physical, mental and social well being. When people are healthy, they are more efficient at their work. This increase productivity and bring economic prosperity. Health also increase longevity of people and reduce infant and maternal mortality.
Balance diet personal hygiene and regular exercise are very important to maintain good health. Yoga has been practiced since time immemorial to achieve physical and mental health. Awareness about disease and their effect on different bodily functions, vaccination(immunization) against infectious diseases, proper disposal of wastes, control of vectors and maintainance of hygienic food and water resources are necessary for achieving good health.
When the functioning of one or more organs or systems of body is adversely effected, characterized by various signs and symptoms, we say that we are not healthy ,i.e., we have a disease. Diseases can be broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious. Disease which are easily transmitted from one person to another, are called infectious diseases, Infectious diseases are very common and everyone suffers from these at sometime or other, Some of the infectious diseases like AIDS are fetal. Among non-infectious diseases, Cancer is the major cause of death.
