Brucellosis is one of the major bacterial zoonoses, and in humans is also known as Undulent fever, Malta fever or Mediterranean fever. It is occasionally transmitted to man by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. It is caused by different species of the brucella group of organisms and characterised by intermittent or irregular febrile attacks, with profuse sweating, arthritis and an enlarged spleen. The disease may last for several days, months or occasionally years. Brucellosis is both a severe human disease and a disease of animals with serious economic consequences.

Problem Statement:

Brucellosis is a recognized public health problem with worldwide distribution. It is endemic wherever cattle, pigs, goats and sheep are raised in large numbers. Important endemic areas for brucellosis exist in Mediterranean Zones, Europe, Central Asia, Mexico and South America. Eastern Mediterranean countries have experienced an increase in the most European countries and in North America and Australia. Majority of cases are reported from Middle East countries.
Animal brucellosis is reported from particularly every State in India. However no statistical information is available about extent of infection in man in various parts of the country.
The prevalence of human brucellosis is difficult to estimate. Many cases remain undiagnosed either because they are unapparent or because physicians in many countries are unfamiliar with the disease.

Epidemiological Determinants:

Agent Factors:

a) AGENT: The agents are small, Gram negative rod shaped, non-sporing and intracellular coccobacilli of the genus Brucella. Four species infect man : B melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and B. canis. B. melitensis is the most virulent and invasive species; it usually infects goats and occasionally sheep. B. abortus is less virulent and is primarily a disease of cattle. B. Suis is of intermediate virulence and chiefly infects pigs. B. canis is a parasite of dogs.

b) RESERVOIR OF INFECTION: Main reservoirs of human infection are cattle, sheep, goats, swine, buffaloes, horses and dogs. in animals the disease can cause abortion, premature expulsion of the foetus or death. Cross infections can often occur between animal species. The infected animals excrete Brucella in the urine, milk, placenta, uterine and vaginal discharges particularly during a birth or abortion. The animals may remain for life.

Host Factors: Human Brucellosis is predominantly a disease of adult males. Farmers, shepherds, butchers and abattoir workers, veterinarians and laboratory workers particularly at special risk because of occupational exposure. Immunity follows infection,

Environmental Factors: Brucellosis is most prevalent under conditions of advanced domestication of animals in the absence of correspondingly advanced standards of hygiene, Overcrowding of herds, high rainfall, lack of exposure to sunlight, unhygienic practices in milk and meat production all favor the spread  of brucellosis. the infection can travel long distances in milk and dust. The environment of a cowshed may be heavily infected. The organism can survive for weeks or months in favorable conditions of water, urine, feces, damp soil and manure.

Mode of Transmission: Transmission is usually from infected animals to man. There is no evidence of transmission from man to man. The routes of spread are :

a) Contact Infection: Most commonly infection occurs by direct contact with infected tissues, blood, urine, vaginal discharge, aborted fetuses and especially placenta. Infection takes place through abraded skin, mucosa or conjunctiva. This type of spread is largely occupational and occurs in persons involved  in handling livestock and slaughter house workers.
b) Food-Borne infection: Infection may take place indirectly by the ingestion of raw milk or dairy products from infected animals. Fresh raw vegetables can also carry infection if grown on soil containing manure from infected farms. Water contaminated with the excreta of infected animals may also serve as a source of infection.
c) Air-borne infection: The environment of a cowshed may be heavily infected. Few people living in such an environment can escape inhalation of infected dust or aerosols. Brucellae may be inhaled in aerosol form in slaughter houses and laboratories, so these infections are notified as occupational.

* incubation Period is Highly variable, usually 1-3 weeks, but may be as long as 6 months or more.

Pattern of Disease:

Brucella infection in man can vary from an acute febrile disease to a chronic low grade ill defined disease lasting for several days, months or occasionally years.
The acute phase is characterized by a sudden or insidious onset of illness with
a) Swinging pyrexia, rigors and sweating.
b) Arthalgia/arthritis involving larger joints such as hip, knee, shoulder and ankle.
c) low back pain.
d) headache, insomnia.
e) Small firm splenomegaly and hepatomegaly.
f) leucopenia with relative lymphocytes. The most striking aspect of the clinical picture is the severity of the illness and the absence of clinical signs.The acute phase subsides with in 2-3 weeks. If the patient is treated with tetracyline, the symptoms may disappear quickly but the infection being intracellular may persist giving rise to sub acute or relapsing disease.
In a few patients symptoms recur for prolonged periods. Diagnosis is established by isolation of the organism from cultures of blood, bone marrow, exudate’s and biopsy specimens during the acute phase of the disease and by serological tests.

Control of Brucellosis:

(a) IN THE ANIMALS: The most rational approach for preventing human brucellosis is the control and eradication of the infection from animal reservoirs which is based on the combination of the following measures:

(1) Test and Slaughter: Case finding is done by  mass surveys. Skin tests are available. The complement fixation test is also recommended. Those animals infected with brucellosis are slaughtered, with full compensation paid to farmers. This is the only satisfactory solution aimed at eradication of the disease.

(2) Vaccination: Vaccine of B, abortus strain 19 is commonly used for young animals. A compulsory vaccination programme for all heifers in a given community on a yearly basis can considerably reduce the rate of infection. Systematic vaccination for a period of 7 to 10 years may result in the elimination of the disease. Control of the infection caused by B. melitensis in goats and sheep has to be based mainly on vaccination.

(3) Hygienic Measures: these comprise provision of a clean sanitary environment for animals, sanitary disposal of urine and feces, veterinary care of animals and health education of all those who are occupationally involved.

(b) IN THE HUMANS:

(1)  Early diagnosis and treatment: In uncomplicated cases the antibiotic of choice is tetracycline. For adults in the acute stage, the dose is 500 mg every 6 hours for about 3 weeks. In patients with skeletal or other complications intramuscular streptomycin 1 g daily in addition to tetracycline usually achieves a cure.

(2)  Pasteurization of milk: This is a useful preventive measure which will render milk and milk products safe for consumption. Boiling of milk is effective when pasteurization is not possible.

(3)  Protective measures: The aim is to prevent direct contact with infected animals. Persons at risk such as farmers, shepherds, milkmen, abattoir workers should exercise care in handling and disposal of placenta, discharges and fetuses from an aborted animal. They should wear protective clothing when handling carcasses. Exposed areas of the skin should be washed and soiled clothing renewed.

(4)  Vaccination: Human live vaccine of B abortus strain 19-BA is available. Brucellosis would disappear if it were eradicated from animals. The national and international center for brucellosis is located at FAO/WHO Brucella reference center, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.

We’ve started at 6:30 in the morning and reached the college at 12 noon……..i took my Lappy and i almost prepared in the Bus……by the time we reached the college the program has started……..students of college received us at the Main gate of the college ………

After entering into the college we have completed the Formalities of filling the forms……and reached the seminar hall………they said that B.Pharm seminar will be started at 2:30……..then we went to Lunch…..

After lunch we went to seminar hall…..it was really very Hard to face the Seminar………the hall was filled with Judges and participants……..

My friends Vaidehi and Suvarchala gave the 1st presentation and it was really a great start …….

later on Shiva and Priyanka gave the Seminar and it was really a funny skit………..

And last but not least it was mine……My topic was “Pharmacological Action of Drugs on CNS” ……..after the completion of seminar it was time for queries……..Remo answered the questions almost perfectly……and even i tried my level best…………

The Judges were very much impressed by my Presentation and one of the judge told………This is the Best presentation of the Day and i really felt very Happy………….

After the completion there was a small meet with judges………the HOD of the college announced that iam the winner of the Presentation………

The thing which i was missing is the Presentation ceremony; as it was already late we rushed off to bus stop……..i gave a call to my HOD and Faculty ……every body was very much happy to hear that……..

Finnaly we reached the Home at 11:30……had lots of fun in the Bus……..we played anthaksharii…….and many such small games………..

And the Main Moral support which i had was from Aunty (Suu’s mom) she gave me a good back up…..and iam very much thankful to Aunty for being with us for the whole day………..

Hello Guys the Recent movie which ive seen is “ROCK ON” its really Amazing and i dont have words to say……..

Now let me Share outline of the Movie with you all —–

Farhan Akthar, Arjun Rampal, Purab Kohli, Luke Kenny played lead roles for the movie these 4 guys Formed a Band and Named it as “MAGIK”. Farhan Akthar is the Lead singer, Arjun Rampal is a guitarist, Purab Kohli is Drummer and Luke Kenny is the Keyboard Player of the Band Respectively.,

Arjun Rampal’s Gril friend is a Stylist or Designer., So all of them used to attend many Stage shows and enjoyed their Life. In the mean time the MAGIK band gets an offer of “V Channel” performance…..in which winning Band gets an opportunity of Video and Audio contract with V Channel.

In this show MAGIK gets 1st position and gets an opportunity of Contract with V - Channel., due to some Ego problems between Arjun and Farhan the Band gets parted from Each other.

After 10 years gap……

Farhaan will become a Business man., Purab checks his Dads Business Luke and Arjun are still with the Music.

One fine day Purab gets to meet Farhan’s wife and Purab asks about his old friend. So Farhaan’s Wife Sakshi plans a Surprise party for her hubby., so she calls all of the Band mates., but Arjun refuses it.

Later on all of the Band mates gets United and starts practice again…..in between Luke gets an Mild Brain Tumour attack., So the Dr’s in the hospital says that the person can with stand for 2 months.

Luke has a Dream of giving a Stage show with the Band Magik and finally the Whole team gives a great Performance., with some strokes in it.,

Finally every body knows importance of Band., Realises themselves and gets settled in their Life.

Thats the Out Line of “ROCK ON” ….. the Movie will be more interesting if u see it on Big Screen….

Music is another attraction for this movie and this has been composed by Shenkar Ehsaan Loy. Firstly when audio was released out in the market there was very normal collections but now collections are reached very high and youngsters are showing alot of interest to listen songs of this movie. Shenkar was said that he is very happy about their success and he also said that they worked very hard to score some beautiful tracks for this movie.

AFTER COMING FROM THE MOVIE I AM VERY MUCH INSPIRED BY THE BAND AND STARTED TUFFING OF DUST FROM MY GUITAR…….Hope i will start learning from 2moro……

Get the Latest Flicks and Trailers of Rock on here:

Rock on Gallery

The party was crowded with the Handsome Hunks and Gorgeous gals, me and my classmate Gajini (Karthik.N) hosted the show.

The schedule of the show goes here:

1st programme : Introduction and Ramp walk

2nd programme: Rose Competition

3rd Programme: Questionary

——LUNCH BREAK————-

After Lunch: Rocking DJ with DJ NEIL

Last programme : Presentation ceremony and there ends the Razzmatazz -08

1st programme : Introduction and Ramp walk

Here in this programme every body should come on to the stage Introduce them self and they are suppose to say the name of their Fav Senior and 1st Crush.

The programme was ended with lots of fun every body were cool and enjoyed this Introduction and Ramp walk.

2nd programme: Rose Competition

In this part juniors will be given 3 roses and guys should give 2 roses for their class girls and 1 one for their Fav senior mams.

In the same way gals should give 2 roses for their class guys and one for their fav Senior.

At the end of the show the roses will be counted and who ever gets more no of roses they will be Mr.Rose and Miss.Rose respectively.

3rd Programme: Questionary:

Seniors will select 5 guys and 5 gals and they will be asked questions.

So who ever gives perfect answers that please seniors will be given prize…….

After that we had lunch…….the food was really awesome; but i couldnt eat much as my belly was full.

After Lunch: Rocking DJ with DJ NEIL:

This was the best time of the Razzmatazz event; we all enjoyed alot under the music feet of DJ Neil. We almost had 2 and half hours of Dance; every body especially our juniors were on Cloud Nine after the Disco.

Last programme : Presentation ceremony

The final part of Razzmatazz-08 we gave complimentary gifts to all of my juniors and special gifts under different categories.

Mr.Fresher—Mohan (C.R)

Miss Fresher—Pavani.V

Mr.Rose—Karthik

Miss Rose—Sindhu

Best Costume from Guys—Manikanta

Best Costume from Gals—Roopali

Best Smile —-Soumya

Finally the rocking party ended at 5:30 in the evening…………

Huh we the VCPians have internals from Saturday…….Shunting(Bad Days) will be started again.

We hope our Juniors enjoyed the party…..the theme of the party was to Rock the juniors and i think we’ve done it Finally………

Singer – Atif Aslam

A Good friend of mine said me to listen this song…….Pehli Nazar really rocks!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

And Here goes the Lyrics of Pehli Nazar…..the song really sounds good i bet you guys; You will love it.

LYRICS:

Pehli nazar mein kaisa jaadu kar diya
tera ban baitha hai mera jiyaa
jaane kya hoga, kya hoga pataa
iss pal ko mil ke aa jee lein zaraa
main hun yahaan, tu hai yahaan
meri baahon mein aa, aa bhi jaa
o jaanejaa, dono jahaan, meri baahon mein aa, bhool ja
o jaanejaa, dono jahaan, meri baahon mein aa, bhool ja

baby i love you
baby i love you

baby i love you
baby i love you, so…

baby i love you
oh, i love you

i love you
i love you so…
baby i love you

har dua mein shaamil tera pyaar hai
bin tere lamha bhi dushwaar hai
dhadkanon ko tujhse hi tarkaar hai
tujhse hain raahatein
tujhse hain chaahatein
har dua mein shaamil tera pyaar hai
bin tere lamha bhi dushwaar hai
dhadkanon ko tujhse hi tarkaar hai
tujhse hain raahatein
tujhse hain chaahatein
tu jo mili, ik din mujhe
main kahin ho gaya laapataa
o jaanejaa, dono jahaan, meri baahon mein aa, bhool ja
o jaanejaa, dono jahaan, meri baahon mein aa, bhool ja

kar diya deewana, dard-e-faasle
chaen chheena ishq ke ehsaas ne
bekhayali di hai teri pyaas ne
chhaya suroor hai
kuch to zaroor hai
kar diya deewana, dard-e-faasle
chaen chheena ishq ke ehsaas ne
bekhayali di hai teri pyaas ne
chhaya suroor hai
kuch to zaroor hai
ye dooriyaan jeene na dein
haal mera tujhe na pata
o jaanejaa, dono jahaan, meri baahon mein aa, bhool ja
o jaanejaa, dono jahaan, meri baahon mein aa, bhool ja

baby i love you
baby i love you

baby i love you
baby i love you, so…

baby i love you
oh, i love you

baby i love you
i love you…

The Rich are actually getting Richer —– our business persons are making its Dramaticaly correct.

Yea Warren buffet hitted Microsoft owner Billgates and came to his place; i.e Warren buffet is the world richest person as of now.

Buffet who is 77 years old chief of Berkshire Hathway , has increased his returns from 52 billion $ to 62 Billion $.

And the second rank is grabbed by Mexico Telecom Mogul Carolos who improved his returns from 42 billion to 60 as of now.

In total the years list of billionaires goes like this

Last year no of people in Billionaires list are 946

No of people in Billionaires list this year are 1,125

The total net worth of last year billionaires is 3.5 Trillion Dollars

The total net worth of this year billionaires is 4.4 Trillion Dollars

By this above chart we can see the rapid increase of growth of Billionaires.

Third place is taken by Mr. Billgates and 4th by Lakshmi Nivas Mittal the owner of Mitta-Arselor steels.

Here is a small glimpse of Warren Buffet’s Life- Download the Presentation

The X series have many options it is both flash based and data based with Linux operating system. with Wireless Blue tooth facility.

Whereas the Y series has more advanced features such as Touch screen, Thumb board, Stylus, Keyboard and touch buttons with Windows Vista Home version as Operating system.

Both the X and Y series have network ports and have option for Data cards and with Gui enabled user friendly Linux Operating system.

The compant has stated that they would start the shipping from January 26 th 2007 and the product will be available in all retail outlets of HCL.

Now lets see how HCL makes boom in the Lappy sorry leapy industry; will it compete with popular companies lets wait for that!!!!!!!!!!!

Tata Nano the Peoples car is finally launched at the Auto Expo by the Chairman. Nano has made special attraction in the Auto Expo which was conducted on 9th of this month.

Tata’s Chairman Mr.Ratan Tata said that Nano will be creating a sensation in the world of Automobiles the price of the car has been fixed to 1 Lakh only and this will be worlds cheapest car.

It is said by the news channels that the Nano will be joined in the Guiness Book of records. The Car has all facilities. The standard version is without Air condition, Radio and Power Steering. The Cost of the deluxe version will be 1 Lakh in Indian Currency and $2500 as per American currency.

It is said by the Tata owner that the initial production expected per year is 250,000 units or cars. And the production plant is planned in Singur of West Bengal which is under construction.

Here goes the technical details of Nano-The Peoples car

Engine:

Compression Ratio - 9.5:1

BOre*Stroke- 73.5*73.5 mm

Power: 33ps@ 5500 rpm

Torque: 48 N-m @2500 rpm

* Rear wheel Drive

Performance:

Acceleration: 0-70 km/h

Max Speed: 105km/hr

Fuel Economy: 20 Km per litre

Body and Dimensons:

Seat Belts - in no’s 2

Trunk Capacity : 150 Litres

Suspension and Brakes

Front Brake - Disc

Rear Brake - Drum

Front Track- 1,325 mm

Rear Track- 1,315 mm

Ground Clearance - 180 mm

It was my 1st day to college and felt very much bored today. Morning at 8:30 i catched the college bus and reached the college by 9:30. I expected alot today but the day was totally drowsy.

But we had fun in the ground —the guys played cricket and we watched the match coz……i dunno cricket except the game in computer.

After coming to class we enjoyed with our Juniors for some time ……….hmm after talking to juniors the day became little good; but over all the 1st day of second semister was not that good.

Now from tomorrow again official holidays as our juniors planned to give party we will make re entry on Thursday. I am expecting alot to happen on Thursday lets see what happens!!!!!!!!

December 2nd was my birthday and the day rocked this year. My college friends, School frens and every body called me up at night 12 and wished me HAPPY BIRTHDAY. I slept at 3 in the night and till that time talked on the phone with every one.

Morning i got up @10 went to temple and came back home ……mom prepared some delicious food for us and had that and slept for some time. In the evening it was a big party arranged by my family members. We chilled all the evening had dinner………and forgot to mention “The CAKE “. It was the best cake i ever recieved since my childhood……

The thing i was missing was my college friends…….as the day was sunday couldnt meet them…….but every one of them called up and wished me for that i was very Happy…..